films vs. books

VIDEO

Winter's Bone Comparison

A Novel Idea

The novel Winter's Bone by Daniel Woodrell follows a young heroine named Ree Dolly who is confronted with the arduous task of saving her family's home. Her father, a methamphetamine cook, has gone missing while out on bail. The bond company is threatening to seize the home if her father cannot be located. Add to this struggle her role as caretaker for a sick mother and two younger siblings and Ree has her hands full. The film of the same name, while telling Ree's story adequately, falls short of conveying the deepness of emotion, important character roles as well as cultural convictions that the author intended.

Films are, by their own limitations, operating within strict parameters. Time constrains their length and budgets constrain the depictions of even the season in which it is set. The season Woodrell chose for the story is integral to any worthy interpretation. In this, the film is found lacking. Winter is depicted, but not with the severity that the story deserves. The movie shows cold but not with the added

voices of drifts, flakes or ice. I realize that this can be costly for any worthwhile production. The choice to forgo this primary theme of the novel has left the viewer disadvantaged. Woodrell, even from the first sentence, alluded to the effect on Ree which the coming of the season held. “Ree Dolly stood at break of day on her cold front steps and smelled coming flurries and saw meat.” (Woodrell 3) This vivid description contained within the text of the first paragraph gives the reader a sense of impending struggle against the elements which are sure to come. The deadline of the forfeited bond looms but the coming harsh season looms as well. By choosing to not include the physical depiction of winter's attributes, the filmmakers missed their mark in translating the story effectively.

Many films have successfully integrated homosexual themes as a method to provoke societal discussion. Winter's Bone is no exception. It is a subtle element, but an element nonetheless. In it's written form, unadulterated by the screenwriters, the author describes a “pseudo-lesbian” relationship between Ree and her best friend Gail. It was important enough for Mr. Woodrell to include yet somehow lost in the film adaptation. The hinting of youthful experimentation between Gail and Ree contained within the book is not what I mean. It is the way in which these characters interact that is relevant. Ree, who is resistant to the world around her, confides in Gail and no one else. Although the women in Ree's family offer a sympathetic tone, they are controlled by masculine fear and offer no solace in any substantial way. The role of Gail in the novel provides a refuge for Ree which is lost to the movie's audience. The choice by the filmmakers to forgo this important relationship between two of the major characters is a disservice to the audience as well as the author.

The film failed to depict the true patriarchal role which Ree has assumed in her family to the extent which Woodrell intended. Her father's absence has left a void that Ree has chosen to fill. This is the role of moral compass, instructor and mentor to her young siblings. Being familiar with Ozark culture himself, Woodrell included allusions to corporal punishment which exist in this micro-society as a method of establishing the importance of lessons being taught. The movie opens with the scene where her younger brother Harold proposes asking Ree if they should enlist the help of a family member who lives across the street. The family is hungry and left without the means to feed themselves. Ree seizes this opportunity in order to teach an important life lesson to the child. “She then looked at Harold, with his easy smile, black hair riffling in the wind, then snatched his nearest ear and twisted until his jaw fell loose and he raised his hand to swat at hers. She twisted until he bore up under the pain and stopped swatting. “Never. Never ask for what ought to be offered.” (Woodrell 5) The filmmakers chose to use the dialogue without including the ear twisting. This illustration of corporal enforcement within Ozark culture is necessary if the audience is to gain a true understanding of the ways in which this culture instructs it's youth. I myself have firsthand experience with this and can speak to the effectiveness of such methods. Growing up I attended church services with my Uncle Russ who hails from Missouri. One Sunday while seated in the pew, I chose to pass a note instead of giving proper attention to the speaker. My Uncle did not hesitate to pinch the top of my thigh, squeeze, and twist mercilessly until tears welled up in my eyes. I doubt if I would be remembering that lesson today if not for the infliction of physical pain which had accompanied it. I am at a loss as to the reason this important societal element was not included in the film. The screen time would have been exactly the same, the graphic nature in the film is established in a much more severe way later on. By choosing to leave out his important cultural belief, the film has done the author, Ozark culture, and ultimately the audience a great disservice.

Filmmakers have a responsibility to translate the work of authors effectively, realistically, and with the intention of imparting the full implications of setting, roles, and culture contained within the text. Somehow this was lost in the process of bringing this wonderful story to the screen. Although telling the story adequately, the film falls short of conveying the deepness of emotion, important character roles as well as many cultural convictions that the author intended.

Works Cited

Woodrell, Daniel. Winter's Bone. 1st ed. New York: Little Brown and, 2006. Print.

To Live and Learn

wikimedia commons

“Any fool can know. The point is to understand.”
― Albert Einstein 

The skills I have learned in this class are many so I will touch briefly on the ones I have found most helpful. It's amazing how I was able to implement these techniques into other coursework as soon as they were learned. Close reading of text was something we learned early on in this semester and I found to be very useful. Just the act of underlining any words that I found interesting or looking for themes that are re-occurring within the text is a very useful skill. I used to be afraid to mark up a book and refrained from this practice. Now I find that this practice has me looking for elements within the text much more closely. It's like a scavenger hunt! I find that I am erasing from all of my textbooks at this point in the year in order to turn them back in. But that's a good thing. It means that I am using this skill that I have learned in this class. I really enjoyed the reading of “Bartleby the Scrivener” the most. The style of Melville is unique and I have since took to finally reading “Moby Dick” after all of these years. I was surprised by “A Modest Proposal” having no fondness for it initially but having that change after looking for the underlying message contained within. I have met the learning outcomes by effectively synthesizing information into well focused essays. By relying on good essay structure and method I was able to construct papers of which I am very proud. By sticking to the formula of pre-writing, outlining, developing focused thesis statements and topic sentences for each supporting paragraph I was able to hone the craft of communicating effectively through writing. I have seen the benefit in real time in my papers constructed in other classes. One of the challenges I have met and overcome in this class I have mentioned previously. This has to do with reading and analyzing text that I did not believe I would enjoy such as Swift. I find that I have a different taste of subject matter and was resistant to this work at the outset. However, when I looked for elements hidden within such as character roles and the like I found the text I was adverse to open up before me and come alive in a new and profound way. Great class Ms. Cline! Thank you.

Would you like to read more quotes on learning?

http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/tag/learning

Learning is Learning (or is it?)

 Wikimedia Commons

Many years ago I read a short story by the science fiction write Ray Bradbury. I have not, to this very day, been able to find the work. Nonetheless this piece stuck in my mind as a profound analysis of the disconnect between people as a result of technology. It described a lamenting man who while strolling through a residential area noticed that there were no people outside their homes. There were no children playing, there were no neighbors conversing over the common fences, there were no gatherings of women in the empty streets. This man could only see a faint blue light flickering from the front window of each home. As I ponder the online learning environment, I can't help but feel as the character walking the ghostly street. I feel as though the interactions between students are superficial at best. We all stare at the pale blue light of our computers which claim to assist us in being better connected. But are we? We as humans need the interaction of our peers to complete a well-rounded learning environment. They provide sources for peer review and feedback which are vital to catching things we often miss being too close to our own work. They are at arms length to be questioned or aid us in real time if need be. Here in lies my dilemma.  I hold these beliefs on one hand while simultaneously proving the opposite. Let me explain. You see I have received the best grades of all of the classes I have taken in the online environment. This is adverse to what I truly believe and yet the results speak for themselves. While technology advances we as students must embrace it or suffer a disadvantage in future endeavors. I had a difficult time this semester getting in the habit of creating a well developed blog post. I had no experience with this technology. Honestly, I had no idea exactly what a blog was. Looking back this seems silly and after the initial post was finished I felt quite accomplished. With each subsequent posting the sting was less and I found (to my surprise) that I was beginning to enjoy the process. So in closing I must say that there are pros and cons to everything and this is no exception. I look forward to the next technological advance that might in some way re-establish the significant role of interpersonal communication in the online learning environment. In the mean time I will also lament the pale blue glow.

If you would like to learn more about learning online:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning

Revision Decision

 picture courtesy of wikimedia commons

I use to be the most lazy pre-writer you have ever seen. This lead to a great deal of revision later on. Not just revision...major substantial revision. Not grammar, or punctuation but serious nuts and bolts of composition. I've learned though, (the hard way) that I was just hurting myself. I fought this advise from teachers as one step that a good writer might very well skip.......boy was I wrong. Revision might be directly related to pre-writing. I usually go about the revision process in the following ways. First I make sure to read the paper out loud and slow. something takes place when your own words are physically spoken into your own ears. This is where I usually pick up my need for commas and the like. I get a feel for the "cadence" of my prose and really ""feel the tone I've tried to impart to the piece. The next step is to enlist peer review. I used to fight this concept as well only to my own demise. You would be surprised by what gets missed when you focus so closely on your own work. The phrase "Can't see the forest for the trees." comes to mind. Just getting a fresh set of eyes on your work takes revision to a very productive level. But this can only be achieved if one can get passed the adversity to criticism. The peer you choose is not criticizing your work as an attack or with malicious intent. Quite the contrary, they are helping to improve your work and prove to be very beneficial. The re-working of our current paper has been very easy as I really focused on pre-writing on this one. Boy! what a difference. If I had known how beneficial this was to the process I would have started this much earlier. Now the only revisions I have are grammatical or involve punctuation and the like. I'm pretty happy with the composition as a whole and will keep the format very close to the outline I started with. Good Luck with your papers.
Happy Thanksgiving!
Daniel

If you would like to learn more tips on revision follow the following link:

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/revising-drafts/

How Cohesive a Thesis!

photo courtesy of sptimes.com

The Sheriff of Hardyville, Arkansas has been called to the scene of a terrible accident. The body of a young farmhand has been found under the wheel of his still running tractor. The sheriff had never seen anything like it before although he has served this area for over thirty years. Through the sobs of the young man's young brides tears he senses that she knows more than she is saying as to the circumstances surrounding this tragedy. She is taken in for questioning where the truth finally comes out. The young man has been awake for nearly a week using crystal-meth and fell from his seat under the tractors wheel when his body couldn't take any more. The story of "Winter's Bone" written by Daniel Woodrell takes place in a town deep in the Ozarks  with many similarities to Hardyville. The grip of  methamphetamine seems to be tighter on such rural areas across the country. By choosing a rural setting for his novel "Winter's Bone" Daniel Woodrell has shed light on the social conditions existing in rural areas which promote the manufacturing and use of methamphetamines.

If you or someone you love is struggling with meth addiction and wants help clink on the link below for more information:

http://www.stopmethaddiction.com/Meth_Addiction_Help.htm

Cooking Meth in Hell's Kitchen

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Crystal_Meth.jpg

In a 2002 New York Times Article entitled “Meth Building Its Hell's Kitchen in Rural America” reporter Timothy Egan describes the devastating effects of the growing meth epidemic in rural America. The reader is enlightened to the crisis through the experiences of Sheriff Rick Bart of Snohomish County in the State of Washington. The article describes the effects of this dangerous drug upon this rural area both to the individuals who use it, as well as the criminal justice system there. Mr. Egan chronicles the history of the drug's onset and educates the reader as to the reasons it has seemed to gravitate towards similar geographical areas. Sheriff Bart supplied startling statistical evidences which lent credibility to the points being made by the author. One such example is as follows, “I'd say it's getting to the point where 80 percent of all our calls are somehow related to meth.” Another statistic which enforces the idea that meth effects many persons other than the user is relayed by social worker Cammy Hart-Anderson, “Almost two-thirds of referrals to social workers in Snohomish County for domestic violence or abandoned or neglected children are related to meth...” The author also discusses the ease by which the drug is manufactured as well as the danger of the toxic ingredients involved.

This article directly relates to “Winter's Bone” as the characters in the novel were effected by the drugs use and distribution adversely just as the examples described by Sheriff Bart. One user described performing “home dentistry” while under the effects of this powerful chemical. Another drives around aimlessly while chewing her fingernails to nubs attempting to fill a shopping list of dangerous ingredients used in it's manufacture. Just as the fictitious account of child abandonment in the story, the article uses true evidences brought forth from social workers on the front lines. This article would be an excellent source for use in essay #3 as it has the credibility of both law enforcement as well as social workers who are directly impacted each and every day by this scourge.

If you would like to read the article in it's entirety: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/us/meth-building-its-hell-s-kitchen-in-rural-america.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm

works cited

 
Egan, Timothy. "Meth Building Its Hell's Kitchen in Rural America." The New York Times. The New York Times, 06 Feb. 2002. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/06/us/meth-building-its-hell-s-kitchen-in-rural-america.html?pagewanted=2>.

Midterm Reflections

Ms. Cline,

I feel at this point in the term I am feeling very accomplished and fulfilled having met the challenges of a very demanding course schedule. I have, for the most part, met the challenges and received complementary marks for the effort. I don’t for the life of me know why I “bury” myself by choosing such a workload and then wondering why I get burned out. I have high expectations for what I believe I can accomplish and often deny that one might possibly get behind. Things happen, such is life and yet there is grace. One thing I can say is that I am very grateful for the “no questions asked” option for one assignment. You see there was one week early on where I found myself homeless and missed a full week’s coursework in all four of my classes. None gave grace but you Ms. Cline. None gave grace.

Now on to my reflections on the readings required by this class, loved Bartleby, initially hated Modest but quite surprisingly I fell in love with it. So much so that I took time to read it through again even after the assignment was finished! Let me expound on these individually.

I was drawn to Bartleby for two reasons initially, first was my love for Melville’s most popular work: “Moby Dick” and second by my interest in the legal profession. I am studying law as well as English this year and am even considering changing my major to Law entirely. I was delighted by the idiosyncrasies of the individual characters within the story. I found myself frustrated by the main characters constant response of “I prefer not to.” Much as the narrator must have been. But my delight and even frustration were short-lived as emotions which ultimately turned to sadness at the plight of this lost soul. I believe this was a great choice as a reading for this class Ms. Cline.

Now as to “A Modest Proposal” I was surprised by this work in the end. At the first reading I fought the work at every turn. I thought, “How disgusting”. I could not have been more adverse to the reading. I never thought in a million years that I would find the value in this piece. But by setting aside my personal bias and just looking at the mechanics used by the author I found my distaste give way to a greater understanding. Thank You.

My goal for the second half of the semester is to be less dogmatic and have more of an open mind toward all literary works. I will find the value within each. I will examine the rhetorical techniques and employ them within my own writing and determine which suit my very own style. Heck, some may even find my work initially “disgusting” but redeeming in some small way. I can’t wait to see what you have in store for us Ms. Cline!

Swift: Shock and Awe!

Response to Swift Essay

            The corner on Anglesea Street is littered with papers, books and pamphlets as the gentlewoman clutches at the stacks on her way to the cobblestones. Passers-by dive to catch her and prevent her from injury or at the very least from soiling her fine clothing with Dublin’s filth. They are un-aware of the cause of her fainting, yet it is still clutched within her silk-gloved hand.  A literary work so heinous and disgusting that it has brought about similar responses everywhere it’s read. This work, published under a pseudonym, proposes the sale of the emerald isle’s impoverished children for the purpose of cannibalism. This was to address the overpopulation of the poor Irish people and to benefit the general society as a whole. Through his 1729 satirical essay “A Modest Proposal” Jonathan Swift is quite effective in his attempt to prompt his contemporaries to re-assess their opinions on many social conditions.  Can we surmise that the mere shock of the public at large was the intended purpose of this work?

            The answer would be both yes and no. Initially any reader of the text would be drawn in by being made aware of the current plight of those less fortunate. Swift is clever in this tactic by delaying his shocking solution by a few paragraphs of seemingly harmless prose. He addresses his audience from the authority of his pseudonym of which he claims to be a doctor. Many similar writings of that period began in the same tone and addressed the exact same issues but none in the way in which Swift crafted.  By this I believe we can assume the authors of such text were among his intended audiences. He may very well have aimed at shaming them as well as their solutions as inadequate or maybe condescending toward the peoples they intended to aid, the Irish. His audience included the English themselves as well as Irish society as he lived in both and was very familiar with the predatory relationship which existed between the two cultures. What social conditions existed in that period which pleaded for such a harsh rebuke by Swift?

            England was notoriously oppressing the Irish peoples in many ways at this time.  Swift addressed them personally when he wrote, "For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it." Also the economic conditions within Ireland did perpetuate a cycle of poverty that he was personally witness to. One only had to walk the same streets he did to be acutely made aware of their plight. There existed the stereotype of the Irish poor as thieves which he alludes to by twice mentioning the sentiment within the text. There existed a predatory relationship between landlords of the time and their victims; the tenants. A close reading and attention to subtleties within the pamphlet give light to the religious disparities between Catholic Ireland and Protestant England just as the news of today does: some things never change. Can we therefore surmise that Swift was effective at addressing his audience(s) whatever their position within these social contexts?

            From the woman of wealth fainted on Anglesea Road, to the Landlords who preyed upon their tenants, from the English policymakers who were much to blame, from the clergy of both sides to the condescending authors of segmented “solutions”  who missed their marks; Swift by choosing such a tone in his prose met his. He got the attention of all humanity in that region, regardless of class, in a profound way which caused quite a stir, thus more conversation on the problems but I think ultimately towards solutions and remedies. Consider the fact that we are here almost three hundred years later talking about his tactics, aims and success.  Can we identify any of the common rhetorical tools in the Essay by Mr. Swift?

            Of course we can! Being well trained in these classical appeals, the author employs many of the agents of Aristotle toward his aim. By relying on the false credibility of a fictitious doctor right on the front cover of the pamphlet the author has employed the common rhetorical tool of ethos. He has taken on the “cloak” of credibility by deceiving his audience into think that he is qualified to speak on such matters. The most obvious appeal in the text is the emotional one, or in other words; pathos. We feel our emotions range from sympathy for the impoverished, to horror at the proposed solution; to anger at the arrogance of the narrator. All examples of the author’s intended use of the common rhetorical tool pathos.  Beyond rhetorical devices are there other literary methods at work here?

            Yes, satire, More precisely Juvenalian satire. Abrasive and contemptuous in nature, this method juxtaposes the decency or sense of right order against the alternative producing what I think is a more effective shock to the reader, Swift does not wish for a passive audience. He desires action as a result of his work. He proposes an absurd and outright morbid solution to the problems to propel the reader to ask him/herself what might be a viable one and then hopefully act in some productive way.

            From Anglesea Road 1729 to Downing Street London, from Broadway in the USA and even in this day and age: the use of satire to engage one’s audience can be a very effective literary method. Jonathan Swift did everything right, and in such a profound way that we are discussing and learning from his writings today three hundred years later. He affected his audience by causing their collective jaws to drop aghast………just ask the woman down on Anglesea Road…….that is, when she regains consciousness.

photo: wikimedia commons

Response to Swift Essay

            The corner on Anglesea Street is littered with papers, books and pamphlets as the gentlewoman clutches at the stacks on her way to the cobblestones. Passers-by dive to catch her and prevent her from injury or at the very least from soiling her fine clothing with Dublin’s filth. They are un-aware of the cause of her fainting, yet it is still clutched within her silk-gloved hand.  A literary work so heinous and disgusting that it has brought about similar responses everywhere it’s read. This work, published under a pseudonym, proposes the sale of the emerald isle’s impoverished children for the purpose of cannibalism. This was to address the overpopulation of the poor Irish people and to benefit the general society as a whole. Through his 1729 satirical essay “A Modest Proposal” Jonathan Swift is quite effective in his attempt to prompt his contemporaries to re-assess their opinions on many social conditions.  Can we surmise that the mere shock of the public at large was the intended purpose of this work?

            The answer would be both yes and no. Initially any reader of the text would be drawn in by being made aware of the current plight of those less fortunate. Swift is clever in this tactic by delaying his shocking solution by a few paragraphs of seemingly harmless prose. He addresses his audience from the authority of his pseudonym of which he claims to be a doctor. Many similar writings of that period began in the same tone and addressed the exact same issues but none in the way in which Swift crafted.  By this I believe we can assume the authors of such text were among his intended audiences. He may very well have aimed at shaming them as well as their solutions as inadequate or maybe condescending toward the peoples they intended to aid, the Irish. His audience included the English themselves as well as Irish society as he lived in both and was very familiar with the predatory relationship which existed between the two cultures. What social conditions existed in that period which pleaded for such a harsh rebuke by Swift?

            England was notoriously oppressing the Irish peoples in many ways at this time.  Swift addressed them personally when he wrote, "For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it." Also the economic conditions within Ireland did perpetuate a cycle of poverty that he was personally witness to. One only had to walk the same streets he did to be acutely made aware of their plight. There existed the stereotype of the Irish poor as thieves which he alludes to by twice mentioning the sentiment within the text. There existed a predatory relationship between landlords of the time and their victims; the tenants. A close reading and attention to subtleties within the pamphlet give light to the religious disparities between Catholic Ireland and Protestant England just as the news of today does: some things never change. Can we therefore surmise that Swift was effective at addressing his audience(s) whatever their position within these social contexts?

            From the woman of wealth fainted on Anglesea Road, to the Landlords who preyed upon their tenants, from the English policymakers who were much to blame, from the clergy of both sides to the condescending authors of segmented “solutions”  who missed their marks; Swift by choosing such a tone in his prose met his. He got the attention of all humanity in that region, regardless of class, in a profound way which caused quite a stir, thus more conversation on the problems but I think ultimately towards solutions and remedies. Consider the fact that we are here almost three hundred years later talking about his tactics, aims and success.  Can we identify any of the common rhetorical tools in the Essay by Mr. Swift?

            Of course we can! Being well trained in these classical appeals, the author employs many of the agents of Aristotle toward his aim. By relying on the false credibility of a fictitious doctor right on the front cover of the pamphlet the author has employed the common rhetorical tool of ethos. He has taken on the “cloak” of credibility by deceiving his audience into think that he is qualified to speak on such matters. The most obvious appeal in the text is the emotional one, or in other words; pathos. We feel our emotions range from sympathy for the impoverished, to horror at the proposed solution; to anger at the arrogance of the narrator. All examples of the author’s intended use of the common rhetorical tool pathos.  Beyond rhetorical devices are there other literary methods at work here?

            Yes, satire, More precisely Juvenalian satire. Abrasive and contemptuous in nature, this method juxtaposes the decency or sense of right order against the alternative producing what I think is a more effective shock to the reader, Swift does not wish for a passive audience. He desires action as a result of his work. He proposes an absurd and outright morbid solution to the problems to propel the reader to ask him/herself what might be a viable one and then hopefully act in some productive way.

            From Anglesea Road 1729 to Downing Street London, from Broadway in the USA and even in this day and age: the use of satire to engage one’s audience can be a very effective literary method. Jonathan Swift did everything right, and in such a profound way that we are discussing and learning from his writings today three hundred years later. He affected his audience by causing their collective jaws to drop aghast………just ask the woman down on Anglesea Road…….that is, when she regains consciousness.

Rhetorical Anaylysis Of "The End Of America 2" Advertisement

Having viewed the advertisement for a film entitled “The End of America 2” (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MvLDTwvPR3w)I feel as though the author was effective at using all of the elements of rhetorical argument. First and I think the most obvious was in the use of the rhetorical tool of ethos. We are hearing the well-known and distinctive voice of Mr. Alex Jones an authority on issues directly relating to the content of the film. I trust Alex Jones and rely on past experiences with products and content he has recommended. Also along those same lines the ad mentions past predictions of the filmmaker which came to pass. Definite ethos argument as the track record of the filmmaker should provide comfort to the viewer that the content he/she might be considering viewing comes from an authoritative and credible source.

                The creator of the ad also employed the rhetorical tool of pathos by appealing emotionally to the audience. We all generally care for the well-being of our finances, our families and society as a whole. By the mention of threats to these institutions we are compelled to listen further or ultimately click on the link to the website for the film to apprise ourselves to information having to do with the threats. This along with Mr. Jones’s serious tone exemplifies effective use of Pathos in the Ad.

                The use of Logos in the ad might be best addressed by; again, the listing of the past track record of the film-maker as well as the mention of a reputable Magazine such as Baron’s recommending the film. The audience is propelled to follow a path of reasoning. If the film-maker has made successful predictions in the past it is therefore reasonable to assume that this current film might contain similar predictions that might aid us the audience in preparing for events which might affect our lives in a significant way.

                By the effective use of all three of the common rhetorical tools the author of this ad has succeeded in his/her goal of compelling a further look at the content, has effectively considered audience and through this analysis inadvertently taught me about these fundamental constructs of rhetoric.